Burkina Faso's main growth constraints include insecurity, limited economic diversification, climate change and variability and low agricultural activity. To address these challenges, the country must adopt modern farming techniques, invest in value-add activities to transform the economy and reinforce adaptation measure in agriculture to mitigate the negative side-effects of climate change.

Guinea faces a number of challenges: political instability, poor governance, corruption and low agricultural productivity. To combat these issues and ensure the country grows sustainably, Guinea must invest in modern irrigation systems and farming inputs, enhance public sector efficiency and reduce its dependancy on the export of raw materials.

The energy theme explores the complex nature of Africa's transition away from fossil fuels. Contrary to the rapid shifts proposed by UNEP and others, the analysis suggests a more gradual phasing out in Africa, starting with coal, then oil, and only impacting gas from around 2040. Africa’s energy future depends on bold policies, investment in renewables, and regional energy cooperation. A well-managed transition can position the continent as a leader in sustainable energy, balancing economic growth, climate resilience, and global decarbonization efforts.

This theme uses a foresight-driven approach to explore the trajectory of state governance in the Global South over the next two decades. By applying a futures lens, the theme identifies emerging trends, innovations and strategic adaptations that could shape how states respond to complex and evolving challenges. The analysis is forward-looking but grounded in current dynamics, with the goal of informing more effective, inclusive and responsive governance models in a rapidly changing global context.

While data centres could strengthen Africa’s future digital capabilities, their installation demands careful choices about resources, infrastructure and immediate public needs.